TEACHING MATERIALS

This material is for students of grade XI

Conditional sentences are sometimes confusing for learners of English as a second language.

Watch out:

Which type of conditional sentences is it?
Where is the if-clause (e.g. at the beginning or at the end of the conditional sentence)?

There are three types of conditional sentences.

type	Condition
I	condition possible to fulfill
II	condition in theory possible to fulfill
III	condition not possible to fulfill (too late)

1. Form

type	if-clause	main clause
I	Simple Present	will-future or (Modal + infinitive)
II	Simple Past	would + infinitive *
III	Past Perfect	would + have + past participle *

2. Examples (if-clause at the beginning)

type	if clause	main clause
I	If I study,	I will pass the exam.
II	If I studied,	I would pass the exam.
III	If I had studied,	I would have passed the exam.

3. Examples (if-clause at the end)

type	main clause	if-clause
I	I will pass the exam	if I study.
II	I would pass the exam	if I studied.
III	I would have passed the exam	if I had studied.

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4. Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)

type		Examples
		long forms	short/contracted forms
I	+	If I study, I will pass the exam.	If I study, I'll pass the exam.
I	-	If I study, I will not fail the exam. If I do not study, I will fail the exam.	If I study, I won't fail the exam. If I don't study, I'll fail the exam.
II	+	If I studied, I would pass the exam.	If I studied, I'd pass the exam.
II	-	If I studied, I would not fail the exam. If I did not study, I would fail the exam.	If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam. If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam.
III	+	If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.	If I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam.
III	-	If I had studied, I would not have failed the exam. If I had not studied, I would have failed the exam.	If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the exam. If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the exam.

* We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are sometimes possible, too).

I would pass the exam.
I could pass the exam.
I might pass the exam.
I may pass the exam.
I should pass the exam.
I must pass the exam.

Mixed Conditional Sentence

How conditional sentences are mixed

Unreal conditionals (type II + III) sometimes can be mixed, that is, the time of the if clause is different from the one of the main clause.

1. Past → Present

If I had taken an aspirin, I wouldn't have a headache now.

2. Past → Future

If I had known that you are going to come by tomorrow, I would be in then.

3. Present → Past

If she had enough money, she could have done this trip to Hawaii.

4. Present → Future

If I were you, I would be spending my vacation in Seattle.

5. Future → Past

If I weren't flying to Detroit, I would have planned a trip to Vancouver.

6. Future → Present

If I were taking this exam next week, I would be high-strung.

1. Structure of if-clauses

If-clauses can be clause-initial (1.), clause-medial (2.) as well as clause-final (3.).

If you like, we can catch a movie.
We, if you like, can catch a movie.
We can catch a movie if you like.

2. Types

Aside from the typical type I, II, III strucure, conditionals can be divided into two categories:
real and unreal conditionals.

2.1. Real condition

Conditional sentence	type
If I have money, I spend it.	Present Real Conditional – type I
If I had money, I spent it.	Past Real Conditional – type I
If I have money, I will/am going to spend it.	Future Real Conditional – type I

2.2. Unreal condition

Conditional sentence	Explanation	type
If I had had money, I would have spent it.		Past unreal Conditional – type III
If I had money, I would spend it.	I think about spending the money TODAY.	Present unreal Conditional – type II
If I had money, I would spend it.	I think about spending the money NEXT WEEK.	Future unreal Conditional – type II

3. Modal verbs

Main clauses with real conditional tenses can have modal verbs.

If I have money, I can spend it.

You can use could and might instead of would in unreal conditional clauses.

If I had money, I could spend it. → (I would be able to spend it.)
If I had money, I might spend it. → (I would possibly spend it.)

Replacing if – Omitting if – if vs. when – in case vs. if

1. Replacing if

If can be replaced by words or expressions with a similar meaning.

The most common are:

as long as
assuming (that)
on condition (that)
on the assumption (that)
provided (that)
supposing (that)
unless
with the condition (that)

2. Omitting if

Had I known... (instead of If I had known...)

Were you my daughter,... (instead of: If you were my daughter,...)

Should you need my advice,... (instead of: If you should need my advice,...)

3. if ↔ when

3.1. if and when are interchangeable when the statement of the conditional clause is a fact or a general issue (also known as zero conditional)

If you heat ice, it melts.
When you heat ice, it melts

3.2. if is used for something that, according to the speaker, might happen.

We can spend the afternoon on the beach if the weather is fine.

3.3. when is used for something that, according to the speaker, will happen.

I will clean up the kitchen right away when I'm back from work.

4. in case ↔ if

in case of can be used to shorten an if-clause as shown below:

If there is a fire, leave the room.
In case of fire, leave the room.

While if expresses a condition (1), in case is used to express a possibility (2).

I need painkillers if I'm in severe pain.
I need painkillers in case I'm in severe pain.

The expression just in case is used pretty much the same way.

I got you a pizza just in case you were hungry. (I don't know whether you are hungry)

will and would in if clauses

1. will in if-clauses

When the situation or action depicted in the if-clause is a result of the main clause, the will-future is used in the if-clause.

He'll pay me $10 if I'll help him do the dishes. (Doing the dishes is the result of paying ten dollars.)

2. would in if-clauses

In polite requests would is possible in if-clauses.

It would be nice if you would help me in the kitchen. (Are you ready to help me in the kitchen?)

Command (perintah)

If + S + verb1, S + verb1

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CONDITIONAL SENTENCES